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Technical papers

In our technical papers you can find background on excipients and pharmceutical processing techniques, scientific studies and application examples.
 
The studies are performed in our own laboratory, on full scale equipment or in cooperation with universities. We continuously work on new application examples to be able to provide you with updated and relevant information.
 
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Technical papers

  • General

    • Amorphous lactose origins The presence of amorphous lactose in predominantly crystalline materials has several origins. It could either be created deliberately as is the case in spray dried grade lactoses where it has an important function in the properties. Or it is created during processing of lactose during crystallization and milling processes. There are several techniques to assess the amorphous content, but they all have there own advantages and disadvantages. - PDF 1.47 Mb
    • Designing inhalation grade lactose Blending a fine fraction with a coarse fraction of lactose can control the different physical properties i.e. the fines content in inhalation grade lactose. Detailed knowledge is obtained to predict various physical parameters of the lactose for inhalation out of fine and coarse lactose fractions. The example above is just one of a number of ways that the fines can be adjusted to give a specific result. The choice of fines can be a critical decision point in the development of a DPI. - PDF 0.34 Mb
    • Directly compressible lactose - PDF 0.94 Mb
    • Introduction to tableting by direct compression - PDF 0.56 Mb
    • Introduction to tableting by wet granulation - PDF 0.54 Mb
    • Lactose some basic properties Lactose is the most important carbohydrate of the milk of most species. Its biosynthesis takes place in the mammary gland. Concentrations in milk vary strongly with species. Lactose is the first and only carbohydrate every newborn mammal (including human) consumes in significant amounts. Bovine milk contains 45 – 50 grams lactose per liter. Industrially lactose is produced from bovine milk exclusively, or rather from milk derivatives like cheese whey or ultra filtration permeate. Lactose is also known as milk sugar. - PDF 0.89 Mb
    • Particle size measurement of lactose for dry powder inhalers The particle size of lactose has been shown to be important for dry powder inhalers (DPI). Therefore it is important to use robust techniques for the measurement of the particle size of lactose. In this paper, various aspects for the determination of the particle size of lactose for dry powder inhalers are discussed. For reliable results it is important to take representative samples and to have an exchange of the particle size method between supplier and user. - PDF 0.55 Mb
    • Primellose® in ODT - PDF 0.55 Mb
    • Re-compaction properties of anhydrous lactose and mcc - PDF 0.47 Mb
    • Re-compaction properties of lactose and mcc - PDF 0.38 Mb
    • Roller compaction of anhydrous lactose and mcc - PDF 0.4 Mb
    • Superdisintegrants Introduction to chemistry and performance - PDF 0.31 Mb
    • The influence of lactose particle size on Dry Powder Inhalation (DPI) performance In most dry powder inhalation (DPI) formulations carriers are used. Lactose is the most common used carrier. A DPI formulation could contain lactose for more than 99%. It is used as a flow aid and it facilitates the dose of the active into the lungs. The properties of lactose play an important role in the formulation of a dry powder inhaler and have extensively been investigated and described in the literature. The selection of lactose is based on the type of device, the filling process of the device and the final release of the active. The formulator for a DPI has various challenges. He should be able to get a homogeneous mixture where the drug particles adhere to the lactose. The adhesion should not be too strong as the drug will not be able to release from the lactose particle during inhalation. Furthermore, a low dose of powder should be filled into the device and the drug should always be released in the same way. One of the important parameters for the formulation is the particle size of the lactose. The role of the particle size of lactose in dry powder inhalers is discussed. - PDF 0.21 Mb
    • Use of lactose in hard gelatin capsules - PDF 0.38 Mb
    • Use of Primojel and Primellose in wet granulation - PDF 0.47 Mb
    • Wet granulation of milled lactose - PDF 0.29 Mb

Technical papers

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